CATIE
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that is most easily passed on by contact with a syphilis sore during sex. Early on, it can cause sores on or in the genitals, anus or mouth. The infection can be cured with a single dose of penicillin, and there are ways to lower the chance of getting or passing on syphilis, such as using a condom each time you have sex.
What is syphilis?
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It can cause sores on or in the genitals, anus, rectum, and/or lips and mouth and can lead to other health complications. A person with syphilis can pass it on to another person during sex.
Many people with syphilis have no symptoms, so they don’t know they have syphilis. When symptoms of initial infection do occur, they usually take 2 to 3 weeks to appear. Untreated syphilis progresses through stages. Common symptoms vary depending on the stage.
Primary syphilis: A painless sore appears at the site of infection but will heal in 3 to 6 weeks with or without treatment. Because many people do not see the sore, they are not aware of the infection.
Secondary syphilis: A non-itchy rash may appear, most commonly on the chest, stomach, genitals, palms of the hands and soles of the feet, 2 weeks to 3 months after infection, and it may last for 2 to 6 weeks. Additional sores may also appear. Fever, headache, muscle ache, lack of appetite and fatigue can occur.
Late syphilis (tertiary stage): Without treatment, secondary syphilis turns into late syphilis (also called latent or tertiary syphilis). This can develop from 2 to 30 years after infection. Initially, the infection may show no signs but the syphilis germs are injuring tissues. Eventually, the injury to important organs, such as the eyes, skin, bones, liver, kidneys and heart, can cause symptoms.
Neurosyphilis: Syphilis can affect the brain. This is called neurosyphilis. In cases where the brain is affected, changes in personality can occur, as can problems with thinking clearly and memory. Neurosyphilis can occur at any stage of syphilis.
Could I get syphilis?
Anyone who is sexually active, including people who experience sexual violence, can get syphilis.
Syphilis can be passed on:
- during vaginal sex or anal sex without a condom
- when a person with syphilis in their mouth or throat gives oral sex to another person
- when a person gives oral sex to a person who has syphilis in or on their genitals
- through oral-anal contact (rimming)
- through sharing sex toys or during a hand job or fingering if syphilis germs get onto the sex toy or hand
Syphilis and HIV
Having syphilis increases the chance of getting HIV. People whose HIV is not well treated may be at increased risk for passing on HIV if they also have syphilis. People with HIV may also experience brain complications earlier and more severely than people without HIV. Individuals with HIV may require a longer course of medication to treat syphilis.
What can I do?
Prevent infection
Using a condom during anal or vaginal intercourse may help to lower the chance of getting or passing on syphilis.
Using a condom or oral dam during oral sex may help to lower the chance of getting or passing on syphilis.
There is no vaccine to protect against syphilis.
Get tested
The only way to know for sure whether or not you have syphilis is to get tested. A doctor or nurse can do the test. If the infection is in the primary or secondary stages, tests can involve blood tests or testing fluids taken from a sore.
It is a good idea to get tested for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, when you get tested for syphilis. Other STIs can be passed on in the same way as syphilis. Talk to your healthcare provider about how often you should be tested for syphilis and other STIs.
If you are diagnosed with syphilis, a public health staff person will talk to you about informing your sex partners that they might have been exposed to syphilis and encouraging them to get tested. Your identity will not be revealed.
Get treated
Syphilis can be cured with a single dose of penicillin if diagnosed within the first year of infection. People with HIV and those infected for longer than one year may require more medication for a longer period.
After treatment is completed, you should wait 7 days before having sex again. If you have a lesion or rash, you should wait until the symptoms disappear before having sex again.
Once you are cured, you cannot pass on syphilis to your sex partners. But you can be infected again. Being treated for syphilis does not protect you from getting syphilis in the future.